Evaluation of obstructive sleep apnea in obese patients scheduled for bariactric surgery

PURPOSE: To evaluate the frequency of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in obese patients scheduled for bariatric surgery and their identification for risk of OSA by Berlin Questionnaire (BQ) and excessive daytime sleepiness by Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). METHODS: Fifty nine patients were evaluated by BQ and ESS. Out of these individuals, 35 performed a full-night sleep study using a type 3 portable monitoring (PM). The questionnaire results were compared for gender and BMI. The presence and severity of OSA was correlated with gender and both questionnaires. RESULTS: 94.75% of the respondents presented high risk for OSA by BQ and 59.65% presented positivity by ESS. Taking into account the AHI> 5 per hour for OSA diagnosis, all of them presented OSA, average AHI of 45.31±26.3 per hour and 68.6% have severe OSA (AHI>30). The male patients had a higher AHI (p<0.05). There was a positive correlation between the positivity in both questionnaires as well as the severity of OSA measured by AHI (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The frequency and severe obstructive sleep apnea in the studied group is high. The Berlin Questionnaire and Epworth Sleepiness Scale had a positive correlation with the diagnosis of OSA in the group studied.

Estudo da apneia do sono em pacientes obesos em programação de cirurgia bariátrica / Study of sleep apnea in obese patients scheduled bariatric surgery

A apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) é caracterizada pelo colabamento parcial ou completo, repetido das vias aéreas superiores durante o período de sono que leva a uma fragmentação do sono, hipoxemia, hipercapnia, oscilações da pressão intratorácica e aumento da atividade simpática. No adulto, a obesidade é o principal fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de AOS e o fator de risco reversível mais importante da AOS. A exata fisiopatologia da AOS em pacientes obesos permanece pouco compreendida. Essa estreita relação entre AOS e obesidade é constatada nos números, onde aproximadamente 40%-45% dos obesos têm AOS e 70% dos pacientes com AOS são obesos. Entre 71-91% dos obesos mórbidos (IMC ≥ 40 kg/m²) possuem AOS. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a frequência e classificar a gravidade da AOS em pacientes obesos em programação de cirurgia bariátrica. Além de avaliar a chance de AOS apontada pelo Questionário de Berlin (QB), a sonolência diurna excessiva através da Escala de Sonolência de Epworth (ESE) e se um ou ambos os questionários seriam instrumentos de screening nesta população. Foram incluídos pacientes do ambulatório de cirurgia bariátrica do serviço de gastrocirurgia com idade superior a 18 anos. Foram excluídos do estudo: usuários de medicamentos sedativos, portadores de doença pulmonar dependente de oxigênio ou descompensada e/ou insuficiência cardíaca congestiva descompensada, presença de sinais e/ou sintomas de outros distúrbios do sono (narcolepsia, síndrome das pernas inquietas, insônia), portadores de deformidades craniofaciais, diagnóstico e/ou tratamento de AOS previamente. Esse mesmo grupo foi submetido à anamnese e exame físico específico e respondeu ao QB e a ESE. Do grupo citado, 35 pacientes foram submetidos à poligrafia noturna para pesquisa de AOS. O aparelho utilizado foi o Stardust II (Respironics, Inc.,USA)...

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by repetitive partial or complete upper airway collapse during sleep leading to sleep fragmentation, hypoxemia, hypercapnia, intrathoracic pressure oscillations and increased sympathetic activity. Obesity is the main risk factor for the development of OSA in adults as well as its most important reversible risk factor. The exact pathophysiology of OSA in obese patients remains poorly understood. Such narrow relationship between OSA and obesity can be observed in numbers, so nearly 40-45% of obese patients have OSA whereas 70% of patients with OSA are obese. Between 71-91% of the morbidly obese (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2) present OSA. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency and classify the severity of OSA in obese patients scheduled for bariatric surgery, also evaluating the risk for OSA pointed out by Berlin Questionnaire (BQ), excessive daytime sleepiness that was measured by Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and if one or both questionnaires would be tools for screening in such population. Patients (over 18 yrs) from the Outpatient Bariatric Surgery at Gastro-surgery Department were included. On the other hand, users of sedative medication, patients with oxygen-dependent lung disease or decompensated and/or congestive decompensated heart failure, presence of signs and/or other sleep disorders (narcolepsy, restless legs syndrome, insomnia), craniofacial deformities, diagnosis and/or previous OSA treatment were excluded. This group was submitted to anamnesis and specific physical examination and answered BQ and ESS. From such group, 35 patients were submitted to portable monitoring for OSA research and Stardust II (Respironics, Inc., USA) was used. The demographic data were described in their average and standard deviation as well as absolute number or percentage and compared for gender...

Lesões sequelares na laringe em pacientes com paracoccidiodomicose / Sequelae lesions in the larynxes of patients with paracoccidioidomycosis

A Paracoccidioidomicose (PCM) é uma doença sistêmica que em sua forma sequelar se caracteriza por manifestações clínicas relacionadas às alterações anatômicas ou funcionais de órgãos e sistemas comprometidos no período de estado. OBJETIVO: Descrever as alterações anatômicas e funcionais laríngeas sequelares em pacientes com paracoccidioidomicose. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo, sendo avaliados 49 pacientes do sexo masculino, na faixa etária de 30 a 60 anos, entre 1999 a 2004, com diagnóstico de PCM em acompanhamento pela disciplina de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, confirmado pela demonstração do fungo em escarro, exame citológico ou histopatológico. RESULTADOS: As pregas vocais foram a estrutura laríngea mais afetada, em 67 por cento dos pacientes verificaram-se alterações. A epiglote estava acometida em 55 por cento dos casos. As pregas ariepiglóticas tinham modificações em 53 por cento dos pacientes. As pregas vestibulares estavam alteradas em 46 por cento dos casos. Em 40 por cento dos casos verificaram-se alterações em aritenoides. Na fonação, 28 por cento tinham limitação ao movimento das cordas vocais, paresia unilateral ocorreu em 4 por cento casos. Em 24 por cento havia restrição da luz supraglótica e 4 por cento tinham estenose glótica, sendo que 2 por cento precisaram de traqueotomia. CONCLUSÃO: As lesões sequelares na laringe devido à infecção pelo P. brasilienses são extensas e causam restrições funcionais na maioria dos casos.

Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic disease that in its aftermath form is characterized by clinical manifestations related to anatomic or functional sequelae of organs and systems affected during the period of state. AIM: To describe the anatomical and functional sequelae in patients with treated laryngeal PCM. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective study. We reviewed the charts from of 49 male patients, aged between 30 to 60 years, diagnosed with laryngeal PCM during the period of 1999 to 2004. In all patients the diagnosis of PCM was confirmed by demonstration of the fungus in sputum, cytological or histopathological examination and being followed up by the Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Department. RESULTS: The vocal folds were the most affected laryngeal structure, being affected in 67 percent of the patients. The epiglottis and the aryepiglottic folds were affected in 55 percent and 53 percent of the cases, respectively. Vestibular folds were changed in 46 percent of the patients. In 40 percent of the cases there were changes in the arytenoids. During phonation, 28 percent of the patients showed limited movement of the vocal folds, unilateral vocal fold paralysis was found in 4 percent. 24 percent of the cases had glottic lumen reduction and 4 percent showed glottic stenosis, 2 percent needed tracheostomy. CONCLUSION: Sequela lesions of the laryngeal PCM are extensive and cause functional limitations in most cases.